Chronic Diseases Journal
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2023

 A teacher's job stress is a teacher's experience of negative and unpleasant feelings such as discomfort, anxiety, depression, and anger that are caused by some aspects of a teacher's work, and has unpleasant consequences. This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and social intelligence with job stress in teachers of Marivan County, Iran, in 2016.

 This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The population of this study was education teachers of Marivan County; using a sample size formula, 443 of them were randomly selected. Data collection tools were Osipow Job Stress Scale, Spiritual Intelligence Scale, and Social Intelligence Scale. The data were collected in autumn and winter and were analyzed using SPSS software.

 70.2% of the samples were men and the others were women. The mean of the teachers' job stress score was 165.43 ± 25.67 (total score of the questionnaire: 300). This score indicates that the occupational stress level of the samples is higher than the average. The mean score of spiritual intelligence of the teachers was 100.70 ± 11.63 out of 116, the total score of the questionnaire. Of the social intelligence total score (36), the mean score of social intelligence was 21.29 ± 4.72, which was higher than the average.

 The results of the study indicated that the occupational stress of teachers was higher than average, and this stress could have different reasons. Educational leaders and planners should look for reasons and factors that affect teachers' job stress.

The research background shows that self-controlling is a predictor of motivation and academic achievement in adolescence. Despite the importance of self-controlling in predicting academic motivation, no study has been conducted in Iranian society. This study was conducted to investigate the predictor role of self-controlling in adolescent academic motivation.

This cross-sectional study was conducted during October 2016 to June 2017 in Tehran, Iran. 201 participants from high school students in Tehran were selected using purposive sampling method and were entered into the research process after obtaining informed consent.Data were collected using demographic checklist, structured clinical interview, Snyder's Self-Monitoring Inventory, and Harter's Motivation Scale, and were analyzed by multivariate multiple regression and hierarchical linear regressionin SPSS software.

Data analysis showed that self-control index positively and significantly predicted academic motivation in high school girl students (P < 0.01, β= 0.198).

The results of this study, in line with the research background, indicate the predictor role of self-control in adolescent academic motivation. These findings could have clinical applications in designing new educational horizons.

Hydatid cyst is one of the most dangerous zoonoses caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Our aim was to determine the epidemiology of hydatidosisand the clinical characteristics of patients with hydatid cyst who had surgery at Besat Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2006 to 2016.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients diagnosed with hydatid cyst who then had undergone a surgery at Besat Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2006 to 2016. Demographic characteristics of the patients, the affected organs, their clinical features, drug history, and operation history were recorded. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software.

The mean age in this study was 38.63 years. Among the participants, 138 (53.9%) were women and 118 (46.1%) were men. Among all patients, 100 (39.1%) were urban and 156 (60.9%) were rural residents. The rural population was significantly more affected by hydatid cyst than the urban population (P < 0.001). Female housewives (44.1%) were the most affected by this disease (P < 0.001). The liver was the most commonly involved organ (52.3%), followed by the lungs (31.2%).

Hydatid cyst has a global spread, causing massive human involvement and, if not treated properly, will result in death. Echinococcosis is a recurrent disease and a serious public health challenge.

Diagnosing cancer associates with a high rate of anxiety in these patients. In recent years, mindfulness and emotional schemas have been increasingly considered in order to reduce anxiety. However, no study has been conducted on this regard. This study was conducted to investigate the role of mindfulness and emotional schemas in predicting anxiety in patients with cancer.

In a cross-sectional study in 2019, 119 patients with the diagnosis of non-metastatic cancer were estimated based on Morgan table among the patients referred to the chemotherapy centers in Shiraz, Iran, and were selected by purposive sampling. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) were completed by participants.Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, multi-step regression, and hierarchical analysis by SPSS software.

The two dimensions of mindfulness, including acting with awareness (β = -0.27) and non-reactivity (β = -0.20), negatively were predictors of anxiety (P < 0.001). Besides, the two dimensions of emotional schemas, including controllability (β = -0.30) and blame (β = -0.19), negatively predicted anxiety (P < 0.001). In addition, demographic variables, neither alone nor as modulating variables, had a significant effect on the role of mindfulness and emotional schemas in predicting anxiety (P > 0.05).

Identifying the components of mindfulness and emotional schemas and understanding their role in the mechanism of triggering anxiety system in patients with cancer can be useful in line with the planning of psychological interventions and improving mental health in these patients.

Comorbidities are one ofthe major factors in the failure of treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study examines the efficacy of cognitive restructuring(CR) and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic OCD.

In this experimental study, from among 112 patients referred to a clinic for treatment of OCD in Tehran, Iran, in 2019, sixty people who were eligible were selected and assigned randomly into three groups: two experimental groups, CR and PMR, and a control group; each of them included twenty persons. After pre-test in all three groups, two experimental groups received CR and PMR interventions separately in group format. In the end, all groups completed Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed using covariance, Bonferroni adjusted alpha, and L-matrix inSPSS software.

Though CR and PMR both were effective in improving depression and anxiety in patients with OCD, CR was more effective inreduction of depression and PMR was more effective in reduction of anxiety (P = 0.001).

CR is effective for depression and obsessions and PMR is more effective in anxiety in patients with chronic OCD.

Women are about twice as likely as men to develop depression during their lifetime. Depression, as a chronic and recurrent disorder, leads to loss of academic, occupational, personal, and social performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of memory specificity training (MEST) and behavioral activation (BA) treatment on rumination, dysfunctional attitude, and psycho-social adjustment in women with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The statistical population included all of the women with diagnosis of TRD in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2018. 37 subjects were randomly selected and assignedto two experimental groups and one control group. Data were collected by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Ruminative Response Scale, Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS), and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS software were used.

Both treatments (MEST and BA) had a significant effectin the improvementof symptoms compared to the control group. The MEST has been more effective in reducing depression, rumination, and dysfunctional attitude than BA therapy(P < 0.01).

This study indicates that MEST and BA treatment are effective methods for alleviation of TRD and symptoms in women.

More than 90% of the worldwide tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths arise in the developing world. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of TB potentially extents and aggravates the infection in the public leading to increased risk of death. Identifying the delays in the diagnosis of TB is indispensable to the health system to prevent spread of the disease. The current study was conducted to identify the factors related to patients and health care systems which delay diagnosis and treatment of TB in Qom Province, Iran.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 661 patients with TB registered in healthcare units of Qom during 7 years (April 2011 to March 2017). Data regarding the patients’ demographic characteristics and clinical factors associated withdiagnosis and treatment delay and total delay were analyzed using Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multivariate logistic regression was also employed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)using SPSS software.

The means of patient, healthcare, treatment, and total delay were 27.7 days, 53.7 days, 1.64 days, and 82.5 days, respectively. Additionally, 550 (83.2%) cases had total delay. It was determined that inhabitance, nationality, and type of extrapulmonary TB were significantly associated with diagnosis delay (P < 0.05).

Diagnostic delay in this study was mainly due to healthcare systems' facilities. Modern and efficient facilities would contribute a lot to early diagnosis of TB and improve the quality of TB management.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), obtained from a peripheral blood sample, is considered an indicator of subclinical inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the NLR pattern in the deceased and survivor patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during hospitalization.

This was a cross-sectional analytical study that was performed in TohidHospital in Sanandaj, Iran, from March to July 2021. In our study, 30 patients had received the treatments for COVID-19 and did not need to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). They were discharged from the hospital and considered "Group A". Besides, 21 patients who were admitted to the ICU but were discharged were considered "Group B". Finally, 40 patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the ICU and died were considered "Group C". Complete blood count (CBC) test was performed for all patients at 3 different times (at the time of admission, mid-hospitalization, and the last day of hospitalization). In the end, the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal-Wallis H test.

91 patients were included in this study. The NLR index during hospitalization in Group C was significantly higher than in Group B and in Group B was significantly higher than in Group A. On the other hand, in Group C, the NLR was significantly increased at three consecutive times during hospitalization; however, in Group B and Group A, at the end of hospitalization, this ratio was lower than in mid-hospitalization.

The NLR was an important indicator in predicting patients' prognoses. Pulmonary inflammation in patients with COVID-19 will be accompanied dominantly by neutrophils; thus, the NLR parameter could be important in the progress of the clinical status.